CUET UG Categorised PYQ Geography Unit 2

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) Number of persons living in per square km of an area. → Density of population refers to the number of people living in a unit area. → It is generally measured as persons per square kilometre. → This concept helps geographers compare how crowded or sparsely populated different regions are.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) Ehrlich. → Paul Ehrlich wrote The Population Bomb. → The book discussed problems related to rapid population growth and food shortage. → It became an important modern work in population studies.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) Need fulfilment approach. → The important approaches to human development include income approach, welfare approach, basic needs approach and capability approach. → The capability approach focuses on increasing people's choices and freedoms. → Need fulfilment approach is not listed as a separate standard approach.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) A, C, B, D. → From low to high population density, the order is Oceania, North America, Africa and Europe. → Oceania has vast sparsely populated areas. → Europe is highly urbanised and densely settled compared to the other regions.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) Minerals. → Minerals are an economic factor because they support mining and industrial activities. → Areas rich in minerals attract workers and settlements. → Therefore, minerals influence population distribution economically.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) Pleasant Climate. → Push factors are negative conditions that force people to migrate from their place of origin. → Pleasant climate is not negative. → It attracts people to a place, so it is a pull factor.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is A) Decline in birth rate and increased life expectancy. → When fewer children are born, the young population decreases. → When life expectancy increases, more people survive to old age. → Together, these conditions create an ageing population.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) A, B and C only. → Nigeria has a triangular age-sex pyramid due to high birth rate. → Australia has a bell-shaped pyramid showing stable population. → Japan has a narrow base pyramid due to low birth rate and ageing population.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is A) A, B, C only. → HPI measures deprivation instead of average achievements. → It includes probability of not surviving till age 40. → It also includes indicators like underweight children and lack of access to basic needs.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) Births - Deaths.Natural growth of population is the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a region. It is called natural because it excludes migration.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is A) Making equal access to opportunities available to everybody.Equity in human development means that all people should get equal access to opportunities. Development becomes meaningful only when opportunities are available to everyone fairly.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) George B. Cressey.George B. Cressey made this statement to describe Asia's uneven population distribution. It means that some areas like river valleys are highly crowded, while large areas like deserts and mountains have very few people.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) Latvia.Latvia is known for having one of the highest sex ratios in the world, with more females per 1000 males. This is mainly due to higher female life expectancy and demographic conditions in Europe.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I.Switzerland is a highly developed country and belongs to the very high HDI group. Niger has low HDI. Brazil is placed in the high category, while Nepal is in the medium category.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) Positive Growth of Population. → Positive growth of population happens when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. It means the number of people increases between two points of time.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is C) Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq, 1990. → The Human Development Index was created by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq in 1990. It shifted the focus of development from only income to people's well-being and capabilities.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is A) Declining Population Pyramid. → A narrow base in an age-sex pyramid means fewer children are being born. This indicates low fertility and a declining population trend. Such pyramids are common in countries with ageing populations.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is A) D, B, A, C. → The correct descending order of population density is Asia, Africa, North America and Oceania. Asia is the most densely populated continent, while Oceania has a very low density because of large sparsely populated areas.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) B, D, C, A. → The correct order is Age of European exploration and colonization, Transportation development, Information and computers, and Biotechnology. This sequence reflects technological development from earlier historical expansion to modern scientific advancement.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) A, C, D only. → Human Development Index uses indicators related to health, education and income. Life expectancy at birth measures health, Gross Enrollment Ratio represents education, and purchasing power represents access to resources.

(Detailed) → Asia has the highest population density (people per sq km) because it hosts approximately 60% of the world's population on about 30% of the world's land area. Regions like South Asia (India, Bangladesh) and East Asia (China, Japan) have fertile lands and industrial hubs that support massive concentrations of people.

(Detailed) → The Basic Needs Approach was proposed by the ILO in the 1970s. It argues that development should be measured by the fulfillment of minimum requirements for a decent standard of living. It ignores the question of human choices (unlike the Capability Approach) and instead concentrates on the physical requirements of the population.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) Robert Malthus. → Robert Malthus was an English economist who was the first to sound a systematic alarm regarding the imbalance between human numbers and the earth's carrying capacity. He believed that the human population would eventually outstrip the food supply, leading to misery, poverty, and natural disasters (war, famine, disease) which he termed "positive checks" to bring the population back in line with resources.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) Bhutan. → Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially use Gross National Happiness (GNH) as its primary measure of development. This concept suggests that material progress (money) should not come at the cost of the environment or culture. It focuses on sustainable development, cultural values, environmental conservation, and good governance.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II. → People settle where the environment is favorable. The Mediterranean attracts people due to its Pleasant climate (III). The Katanga-Zambia belt in Africa is densely populated specifically due to its Mineral deposits (I). The Kobe-Osaka region is a classic example of Industrialization (IV) driving density. Finally, the Ganga Plains provide flat landforms and fertile soil (II) ideal for dense agricultural settlement.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is B) C and D only. → The Capability Approach was developed by Nobel Laureate Prof. Amartya Sen C) . It argues that development should be seen as the expansion of human freedoms and capabilities. Key to this is ensuring that people have access to resources D) , health, and education, which enables them to lead the lives they value.

(Detailed) → The correct answer is D) A, B and D only. → Migration factors are divided into Push (negative factors at origin) and Pull (positive factors at destination). Unemployment A) , Political turmoil B) , and Socio-economic backwardness D) are negative conditions that drive people away. Peace and Stability C) and Security of life (E) are actually Pull factors—they make a new place attractive. (Note: While E mentions poverty, which is push, it also mentions security, making it a mixed or pull-leaning statement in this context).

(Detailed) → While factors like landforms and climate are Geographical/Physical factors, Urbanisation is an Economic factor. Cities offer employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, and better means of transport and communication. These economic incentives draw people from rural areas, leading to high population density in urban centers.

(Detailed) → Push factors are negative conditions at the place of origin that compel people to migrate. Natural disasters (like floods, droughts, or earthquakes) create uninhabitable conditions, forcing residents to move. In contrast, "Pull factors" are positive attractions at a destination that draw people toward it.

(Detailed) → According to demographic data highlighted in NCERT, the world population took a long time to reach the first billion, but the growth accelerated rapidly in the 20th century. The population reached 6 billion in 1999 and touched 7 billion in 2011. The difference between these two milestones is exactly 12 years, showcasing the rapid pace of global population growth during that period.

(Detailed) → Sustainability in human development means the continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial, and human resources must be used keeping the future in mind so that the opportunities available today remain available for future generations.

(Detailed) → The recognized approaches to human development are: 1. The Income Approach (oldest), 2. The Welfare Approach (looks at humans as beneficiaries), 3. The Minimum Needs Approach (proposed by ILO), and 4. The Capability Approach (associated with Prof. Amartya Sen). "Selective" is not part of this geographical/economic classification.

(Detailed) → Demographic Transition Theory describes the stages of population change that a region undergoes as it develops economically. By identifying which stage a country is currently in (e.g., Stage 1: High birth/death, Stage 3: Low birth/death), geographers and planners can predict future population growth, decline, or stabilization.

(Detailed) → Population growth rates are highest in developing regions. During the 2010-15 period, Europe B) showed the lowest growth at roughly 0.1%. Oceania A) follows with moderate growth. Asia C) has a significant but slowing growth rate (approx 1.0%). Africa D) remains the world leader in population growth, with rates exceeding 2.5%.

(Detailed) → The Demographic Transition Theory is a model used to explain the transformation of countries from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they develop. Statement D is incorrect because the primary purpose of this theory is specifically to describe and predict the future population of any area based on its level of development.

(Detailed) → A-IV: Population density is the measurement of people per unit area of land. B-III: Sex ratio is the ratio of females to males (In India, per 1000 males). C-II: Age structure shows the percentage of population in categories like children, working-age, and elderly. D-I: Occupational structure refers to the distribution of the workforce across primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

(Detailed) → Australia (1): Developed nations like Australia exhibit a bell-shaped pyramid that tapers towards the top. This indicates low birth rates and low death rates, leading to a nearly constant population growth. → Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Mexico (2, 3, 4): These are developing nations that have triangular pyramids with a wide base, representing a high proportion of young people due to high birth rates (Expanding populations).

(Detailed) → The concept of Human Development rests on four pillars: → Equity: Equal access to opportunities. → Sustainability: Continuity in the availability of opportunities. → Productivity: Human labor productivity in terms of capacity building. → Empowerment: The power to make choices. → Affordability (2) is often a consideration in economics, but it is not one of the fundamental pillars defined by Mahbub ul Haq and the UNDP.

(Detailed) → UNDP in 1990 (4): The concept of Human Development was introduced by Pakistani economist Dr. Mahbub ul Haq. He worked with Amartya Sen to create a measure that looked beyond just GDP. The first Human Development Report (HDR) was subsequently published by the UNDP in 1990 and has been released annually ever since.

(Detailed) → Statement A) : Correct. People are seen as "targets" or beneficiaries. → Statement B) : Correct. It advocates for the state to provide basic needs. → Statement C) : Incorrect. Building human capabilities is specifically the Capability Approach championed by Prof. Amartya Sen, not the general Welfare approach. → Statement D) : Correct. The onus of development is placed entirely on government expenditure.

(Detailed) → Ageing of the population occurs when the median age of a country rises. This is primarily due to increased life expectancy (people living longer due to better healthcare) and declining birth rates (fewer young people being added to the population). In developed nations, this creates a "top-heavy" population pyramid.

(Detailed) → Thomas Malthus, in his "Essay on the Principle of Population," argued that human population grows at a rate that outpaces the ability of the earth to produce food. He predicted that this imbalance would lead to "Malthusian catastrophes" like famine, disease, or war, which would naturally "check" the population.

(Detailed) → The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) tracks how a society changes from agrarian to industrial. → Stage 1 A) : High fluctuating rates. People reproduce more to compensate for deaths due to epidemics/food shortage. → Stage 2 B) : "Population Explosion" stage. Better sanitation and health reduce mortality, but social norms keep fertility high. → Stage 3 C) : Fertility begins to drop as society becomes urbanized and literate, while mortality continues a slow decline. → Stage 4 D) : Low birth and low death rates lead to a stable or slowly growing population.

(Detailed) → The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) explains population change over time: → Stage I: Primitive societies/tribes where lack of medical care leads to high fluctuating deaths/births. → Stage II: Developing nations like Angola with high fertility but improving survival rates. → Stage III: Countries like India where urbanization and education have begun to significantly lower birth rates. → Stage IV: Highly developed nations like Japan where the population is stable or declining.

(Detailed) → The passage states: "These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle." This cycle describes the transition of a society from a rural-agrarian, illiterate state (high birth/death rates) to an urban-industrial, literate state (low birth/death rates).

(Detailed) → According to the passage, in the first stage, "Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology." High life expectancy is a characteristic of the last stage of the transition, where health conditions and sanitation are highly advanced.

(Detailed) → The passage specifically notes for the second stage: "Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time." While the death rate falls rapidly, the birth rate takes longer to adjust, though it does eventually start its downward trend.

(Detailed) → The very last sentence of the passage confirms: "In the present day different countries are at different stages of demographic transition." For example, many African nations are in the second stage, while nations like Japan and Germany are in the final stage.

(Detailed) → According to the passage, in the last stage, "The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know-how." Therefore, a "low level of urbanisation" is a false characteristic for this stage.