CUET UG Biology Booster Test 2-Ethical Issues & Biopiracy -

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CUET UG Biology Booster Test 2-Ethical Issues & Biopiracy

⏱️ 30 Minutes

❓ 20 Questions

📌 Answers are locked once submitted — results and explanations appear at the end.

CUET UG Biology Booster Test 2-Ethical Issues & Biopiracy

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QUESTION 1 OF 20

Which of the following is NOT a role of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) as stated in the text? Options:

Answer Review

1 Which of the following is NOT a role of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) as stated in the text? Options:

A Making decisions regarding the validity of GM research

B Evaluating the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services

C Granting global patent rights to multinational companies

D Acting as a regulatory body established by the Indian Government

💡 Short Explanation

GEAC is a national regulatory body for biosafety. Patent rights are granted by specialized Patent Offices, not GEAC. GEAC focuses on research validity and environmental safety.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The GEAC is tasked with the approval of GM research and the assessment of safety regarding the introduction of GMOs. It has no authority or function related to granting patents, especially global ones, to multinational companies. That is the domain of intellectual property offices.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → This is a core function of GEAC.
Option B → This is a core mandate for ensuring ecological safety.
Option D → This accurately describes the nature of the GEAC.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Elimination

Application: Identifying the function that falls outside the mandate of a biosafety committee.

Final Logic: GEAC = Safety/Research approval; Patents = Legal/IP offices.

🧠 Memory Trick

"GEAC = Safety, not Patents."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: GEAC Authority

2 Arrange the following conceptual steps in the regulatory pipeline of GMOs as implied by the text:
1. Evaluation of safety for introducing GM-organisms for public services.
2. Introduction of organisms into the ecosystem.
3. Conducting GM research.
4. GEAC makes decisions regarding research validity. Options:

A 3, 4, 1, 2

B 1, 2, 3, 4

C 4, 3, 2, 1

D 3, 1, 4, 2

💡 Short Explanation

Research (3) must be validated by GEAC (4). Safety evaluation (1) is required before final introduction (2). Logic follows the sequence of research -> approval -> safety check -> release.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Research must be conducted first (3). The GEAC then decides on the validity of that research (4). Before any introduction into the ecosystem (2), a rigorous safety evaluation must take place (1). Thus, 3-4-1-2.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Options B, C, and D disrupt the logical progression of research, approval, and safety clearance.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Ordering events based on standard regulatory and scientific research flow.

Final Logic: Research -> Validate -> Safety Check -> Introduce.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Research -> Validate -> Safety -> Release."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Regulation Needs

3 Match the ethical/biological concerns with their contextual meanings:

Column I	Column II
1. Morality of human activities	a. Unpredictable results when GM organisms enter the ecosystem
2. Biological significance	b. Evaluating whether manipulation of living organisms helps or harms
3. Release of GM organisms into the environment	ii. Evaluating whether manipulation of living organisms helps or harms— c. Possible ecological imbalance and unforeseen consequences
4. Genetic manipulation of organisms	d. Assessment of benefits and risks to society and biodiversity

A . 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d

B 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d

C 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c

D 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d

💡 Short Explanation

Morality evaluates the "helps or harms" aspect of human interference. Biological significance concerns the ecological/unpredictable outcomes. Matching follows these definitions provided in the text.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The text separates ethical considerations (morality of our actions toward other life forms) from the technical risks (biological significance of unintended consequences in the ecosystem). 1-ii matches the moral inquiry, and 2-i matches the scientific concern of unpredictability.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A, C, and D incorrectly pair the ethical and biological components.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Option Grouping

Application: Aligning moral evaluation with ethics and outcome-prediction with biology.

Final Logic: Moral = Action evaluation; Bio-significance = Ecosystem result.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Moral = Right/Wrong; Bio = Ecosystem Effect."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Morality and Ethics

4 Why does the text state that we must look "beyond the morality" of human activities in biotechnology? Options:

A Because morality is irrelevant in scientific research

B Because the biological significance, such as unpredictable ecosystem results, is also a critical risk

C Because financial profit is the ultimate goal of genetic modification

D Because genetic modification only impacts the organism itself, not the environment

💡 Short Explanation

Ethics are not the only factor; safety is equally critical. Unpredictable ecosystem results represent a huge objective risk. Scientific risk management must complement moral considerations.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

While the morality of changing life is an important debate, the text emphasizes looking further because of the technical, objective risks involved. The "biological significance" refers to how GMOs interact with nature, where unpredictable outcomes (like ecological disruption) pose immediate, real-world dangers that transcend simple moral discourse.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → Morality is never irrelevant.
Option C → This is a cynical motive, not the scientific reason for looking beyond morality.
Option D → GMOs significantly impact the environment.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Identifying the rational pivot from moral argument to risk-assessment argument.

Final Logic: Ethics + Scientific Risk = Comprehensive view.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Morality + Biology = Complete Risk View."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Ethical Issues

5 Evaluate the statements regarding biological resource ownership:
I. Patents are sometimes granted to companies for resources long identified by specific region's indigenous people.
II. The usage of living organisms for public services as food and medicine has successfully avoided all patent problems. Which is/are true? Options:

A Only I

B Only II

C Both I and II

D Neither I nor II

💡 Short Explanation

Patents on traditional resources (like Basmati) are a known source of conflict. Patent problems are rampant, not avoided. Statement II is factually false.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Statement I is the definition of the biopiracy problem highlighted in the text. Statement II is false because the history of patenting living organisms used for food and medicine is the exact arena where these conflicts/problems arise.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option B → Statement II is false.
Option C → Statement II is false.
Option D → Statement I is true.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Elimination

Application: Validating facts against the documented biopiracy issues.

Final Logic: Conflict exists = True; Conflict avoided = False.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Conflicts = Reality."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Patent Controversies

6 The growing public anger described in the text is primarily directed at: Options:

A Indigenous farmers failing to document their crops

B Governments setting up organizations like GEAC

C Companies being granted patents for technologies based on pre-existing traditional resources

D The unpredictable results of GM organisms in the ecosystem

💡 Short Explanation

Public anger is tied to the concept of biopiracy. The issue is "privatizing" traditional communal knowledge. This is clearly defined as the central controversy.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The anger arises from the perceived injustice of corporations 'inventing' or patenting biological resources that have been in use by indigenous populations for thousands of years. This is the definition of the patent controversy mentioned in the NCERT.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → Farmers are the victims, not the targets of anger.
Option B → GEAC is an attempt to solve problems, not the cause of public anger.
Option D → While people are concerned, the "anger" regarding patents is specific to ownership, not ecosystem unpredictability.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Linking "public anger" to the specific ethical breach described.

Final Logic: Anger = Biopiracy (Patenting traditional resources).

🧠 Memory Trick

"Anger = Patenting Tradition."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Patent Controversies

7 The text mentions 27 documented varieties of Basmati grown in India. This specific documentation serves to highlight:

A That Basmati was originally discovered by an American company

B The rich diversity and established historical presence of this unique crop in India

C That only 27 varieties of rice exist in India in total

D That semi-dwarf varieties are superior to traditional ones

💡 Short Explanation

Documentation proves long-standing ownership. It challenges the "invention" claims of foreign companies. It emphasizes India's proprietary history.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The existence of 27 distinct, documented varieties serves as evidence of a deep, long-standing agricultural tradition within India. This diversity is used as a legal and historical argument to demonstrate that Basmati is an indigenous creation, not a foreign invention.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → It refutes this idea.
Option C → There are 200,000 rice varieties, not just 27.
Option D → Superiority is not the purpose of the documentation.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Interpreting the intent behind citing specific biological diversity numbers.

Final Logic: Documented varieties = Indigenous ownership evidence.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Documentation = History = Ownership."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Indian Rice Diversity

8 Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning India's agricultural history with rice? Options:

A The presence of rice goes back thousands of years.

B India's rice diversity is among the richest in the world.

C Basmati is distinct due to its unique aroma and flavour.

D Traditional Basmati cannot be grown without semi-dwarf cross-breeding.

💡 Short Explanation

Traditional varieties existed long before semi-dwarf crosses. The "need" for cross-breeding is a false claim used by companies to patent a "new" version. Traditional Basmati is independent of that specific cross.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The NCERT text clarifies that Basmati has been grown in India for thousands of years. The cross-breeding was a method used by an American company to claim a "new" invention, not a biological necessity for growing the crop itself.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → True, ancient history is well-documented.
Option B → True, India has 200,000 varieties.
Option C → True, these are the hallmarks of Basmati.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Elimination

Application: Identifying the scientifically/historically incorrect statement regarding agricultural necessity.

Final Logic: Cross-breeding = Patenting tool, not a growth requirement.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Traditional Rice ≠ Need Cross-breeding."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Indian Rice Diversity

9 What was a direct consequence of the patent extending to "functional equivalents" for the American company?

A It meant the company had to pay royalties to Indian farmers.

B It implied that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patent.

C It forced the company to share its genetic engineering methods with India.

D It proved that the Basmati was entirely synthesized in a laboratory.

💡 Short Explanation

"Functional equivalents" means the patent covers anything acting like the original. This allows the patent holder to claim infringement on similar products. It is a tool for market control.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

A patent on "functional equivalents" gives the owner the right to legally challenge anyone else whose product mimics or functions similarly to the patented item. This effectively gives the patent holder market control and the ability to restrict competitors from selling traditional Basmati.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → Royalties go to the company, not from them.
Option C → Patents are about secrecy/control, not sharing.
Option D → The patent claim was about the process/cross-breeding, not synthetic origin.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Understanding the legal implications of broad patent language.

Final Logic: Functional Equivalent = Control over similar products.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Functional Equivalents = Market Power."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Basmati Case Study

10 Arrange the steps of how the American company claimed "invention" of Basmati:
1. Claiming the result as an invention or novelty.
2. Deriving a variety from Indian farmer's varieties.
3. Getting patent rights through the US Patent and Trademark Office.
4. Crossing Indian Basmati with semi-dwarf varieties. Options:

A 2, 4, 1, 3

B 4, 2, 3, 1

C 1, 2, 4, 3

D 2, 1, 4, 3

💡 Short Explanation

They start with Indian varieties (2). They modify them (4). They declare it an invention (1). They secure the patent (3).

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The company takes the Indian variety (2), crosses it with a semi-dwarf type (4), labels the result an "invention" (1), and finally registers it to get the patent (3). This is the sequence of the controversial claim.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

All other options misorder the technical process and the legal claim.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Option Grouping

Application: Following the lifecycle of a biopiracy claim.

Final Logic: Start with Indian resource -> Modify -> Declare Invention -> Patent.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Resource -> Modify -> Invention -> Patent."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Basmati Case Study

11 If a nation is NOT vigilant in countering patent applications on traditional herbal medicines, what is the likely outcome according to the text? Options:

A Multinational companies will voluntarily share their profits

B Other countries or individuals may encash on their rich legacy

C They will lose the biological ability to grow turmeric and neem

D The native people will be unable to do anything about the exploitation

💡 Short Explanation

The text emphasizes that vigilance is necessary to stop unauthorized patenting. Patenting allows third parties to profit ("encash") from traditional knowledge. This outcome is a direct consequence of failing to monitor or challenge filings.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The NCERT text warns that without constant vigilance in challenging patent applications on traditional resources like turmeric and neem, these resources can be legally claimed by foreign entities. This allows those entities to monetize ("encash") a legacy they did not develop, at the expense of the source country.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → Companies rarely share profits voluntarily in this context.
Option C → Patenting does not physically destroy the plant's ability to grow.
Option D → While exploitation is a risk, option B is the specific outcome regarding the "encashment" of the legacy mentioned in the text.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Identifying the economic consequence of lost intellectual property rights.

Final Logic: Lack of vigilance = Patent granted = Commercial loss for originators.

🧠 Memory Trick

"No Vigilance = Encashment by Others."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Traditional Herbal Medicine

12 The attempts to patent turmeric and neem highlight a critical vulnerability in: Options:

A Recombinant DNA technology methods

B The protection of Indian traditional herbal medicine knowledge

C The safety of genetically modified foods

D Downstream processing technologies

💡 Short Explanation

Turmeric and Neem are traditional medicines, not GMOs. The issue is the vulnerability of knowledge protection against global patents. This is a classic case of biopiracy.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Turmeric and Neem were subjected to patent attempts because their medicinal properties were known traditionally. These cases expose the difficulty in protecting indigenous, non-patented knowledge from being exploited by industrial entities who claim "novelty" in their patent filings.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → These are plants, not products of recombinant DNA.
Option C → Turmeric/Neem patenting is not about GMO food safety.
Option D → This is a bioprocess engineering term, not relevant here.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Identifying the thematic domain of the Turmeric/Neem controversy.

Final Logic: Turmeric/Neem = Traditional Medicine Knowledge.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Turmeric/Neem = Traditional Knowledge Vulnerability."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Traditional Herbal Medicine

13 In the context of Biopiracy, what does "proper authorization" imply? Options:

A Approval from the US Patent and Trademark Office

B Permission and compensatory agreement from the countries and indigenous people who hold the bio-resources

C Clearance from the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee exclusively

D Publishing the genetic sequence in a public scientific journal

💡 Short Explanation

Authorization must come from the rightful owners of the resource. It involves both consent (permission) and fairness (compensation). Other options are incorrect administrative bodies or irrelevant actions.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Biopiracy is the unauthorized, uncompensated use of resources. "Proper authorization" specifically refers to legal and ethical agreements made with the true owners of that traditional knowledge—the indigenous people and the source nations.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → The USPTO is a patent body, not the authority for consent.
Option C → GEAC manages biosafety, not international resource consent.
Option D → Publication does not equal authorization.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Elimination

Application: Defining the legal and ethical requirement for resource use.

Final Logic: Authorization = Informed consent + Fair compensation from source.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Authorization = Owner Permission + Fair Pay."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Biopiracy Definition

14 Match the concepts with their descriptions based on the Biopiracy text.

List I	List II
1. Bio-resources	a. Exploitation without compensatory payment
2. Biopiracy	b. Biological materials belonging to countries/people concerned
3. Traditional knowledge	c. Indigenous knowledge associated with biological resources
4. Patent without benefit-sharing	d. Unauthorized commercial use of biological wealth

A 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d

B 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d

C 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c

D 1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c

💡 Short Explanation

Bio-resources are the materials themselves (1-ii). Biopiracy is the act of exploiting without pay (2-i). This matches the NCERT definitions exactly.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Bio-resources represent the genetic or biological assets belonging to nations/people. Biopiracy is the act of utilizing those resources without providing the due compensatory payment. Thus, 1-ii and 2-i are the correct matches.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Options A, C, and D are mismatches of the definitions.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Aligning the noun (resource) with the concept (theft/exploitation).

Final Logic: Bio-resource = Material; Biopiracy = The act of exploitation.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Bio-resource = Material; Piracy = Theft."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Biopiracy Definition

15 Which paradox best describes the global disparity mentioned in the text? Options:

A Financially poor nations have the weakest traditional knowledge.

B Industrialised nations have high biodiversity but lack financial resources.

C Financially rich nations are poor in biodiversity, while financially poorer developing nations are rich in biodiversity.

D Traditional knowledge is useless without the financial wealth of industrialised nations.

💡 Short Explanation

The text contrasts North (Wealthy/Bio-poor) and South (Poor/Bio-rich). This resource/wealth mismatch is the central paradox. It explains why developed nations need resources from the developing world.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The paradox is the inversion of wealth and natural resource availability. The industrialized world has money but lacks biological resources; the developing world has immense biological resources but lacks financial wealth. This creates the dynamic where industrialized nations try to acquire the developing world's resources.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → Developing nations have strong traditional knowledge.
Option B → Reverses the truth.
Option D → Traditional knowledge is inherently valuable; it doesn't require industrial wealth to exist.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Identifying the socio-economic conflict described in the chapter.

Final Logic: Money vs. Biodiversity = The global disparity.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Rich in Money = Poor in Bio."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Global Disparity

16 Consider the following statements:
I. Developing nations heavily rely on multinational companies to create traditional knowledge.
II. Industrialised nations utilize the traditional knowledge of developing countries to save effort and expenditure. Which statement(s) is/are correct based on the text?

A Only I

B Only II

C Both I and II

D Neither I nor II

💡 Short Explanation

Traditional knowledge is created by indigenous people, not companies (Statement I is false). Industrialized nations use this knowledge to save costs (Statement II is true).

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Statement I is false because traditional knowledge is created by indigenous people/communities, not by companies. Statement II is correct because industrialized nations capitalize on this pre-existing knowledge to cut down on R&D costs (time, effort, expenditure).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A, C, and D are incorrect due to the status of Statement I.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Elimination

Application: Evaluating the roles of companies vs. indigenous people.

Final Logic: Knowledge = Indigenous creation; Industrial use = Cost-saving.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Indigenous create; Industrialists save."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Global Disparity

17 How does traditional knowledge act as a catalyst for multinational companies? Options:

A By providing pre-identified resources that streamline the development of modern commercial applications

B By ensuring that the original indigenous creators are well-compensated

C By eliminating the need for any patents

D By restricting the sale of functional equivalents

💡 Short Explanation

Traditional knowledge acts as a "shortcut." Companies get a product ready to be commercialized. This saves time and effort.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Traditional knowledge acts as a catalyst by giving companies a "head start." They don't have to search for resources or test them; the indigenous people have already done that. This allows companies to quickly turn these pre-identified resources into modern, profitable commercial applications.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option B → If this happened, it wouldn't be called biopiracy.
Option C → Companies still seek patents.
Option D → Traditional knowledge does not restrict sales; it provides the material for sales.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Identifying the business value of traditional knowledge to a corporation.

Final Logic: Traditional knowledge = R&D shortcut.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Knowledge = Catalyst for Profit."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Traditional Knowledge

18 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using traditional knowledge related to bio-resources during commercialisation? Options:

A It saves time in research and development.

B It reduces the expenditure required for commercialisation.

C It automatically guarantees international patent approval for the indigenous people.

D It helps in developing modern applications more efficiently.

💡 Short Explanation

Traditional knowledge benefits the companies, not the indigenous people in this context. It does not "guarantee" patent approval for indigenous groups. The whole problem is that they don't get the patents or benefits.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

Using traditional knowledge provides efficiency (time and cost savings) for commercial developers. It does not benefit indigenous groups by granting them patents; in fact, the core of the problem is that their knowledge is being co-opted without providing them these protections or benefits.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Options A, B, and D are all described in the text as the "advantages" that drive companies to exploit this knowledge.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Extreme Word Filter

Application: Identifying the false claim about indigenous rights in a biopiracy context.

Final Logic: Benefits go to companies, not the indigenous groups.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Knowledge benefits Companies, not locals."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Traditional Knowledge

📄 Passage

"Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment. Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in biodiversity and traditional knowledge. In contrast the developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources. Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save time, effort and expenditure during their commercialisation."

Based on the passage, the realization of injustice in benefit sharing arises primarily because: Options:

A Developing nations refuse to share their resources with the world.

B Industrialised nations exploit developing world's biodiversity without providing compensatory payment.

C Traditional knowledge cannot be used for modern applications.

D Industrialised nations are rich in biodiversity but poor financially.

💡 Short Explanation

The passage explicitly mentions "injustice" and "inadequate compensation." The culprit is the exploitation without pay. This is a direct inference from the provided text.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The passage links the "realisation of injustice" directly to the lack of "benefit sharing" and "compensation." When industrial nations use biodiversity without paying the source country, it is inherently unjust.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Option A → The issue is not refusal, but exploitation without pay.
Option C → The text says knowledge can be used.
Option D → The text says industrial nations are rich financially and poor in biodiversity.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Substitution

Application: Finding the root cause of the "injustice" stated in the passage.

Final Logic: Injustice = Use without compensation.

🧠 Memory Trick

"Injustice = No Compensation."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Legal Frameworks (Passage)

📄 Passage

According to the passage, what specific advantage drives organizations to exploit traditional knowledge? Options:

A It helps them gain political control over developing nations.

B It legally blocks the US Patent and Trademark Office.

C It saves time, effort, and expenditure during commercialisation.

D It helps in setting up organizations like GEAC.

💡 Short Explanation

The final sentence of the passage explicitly states this. It is the functional reason why companies use traditional knowledge.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

The passage concludes by stating that traditional knowledge is exploited to "save time, effort and expenditure during their commercialisation." This is the direct economic driver for the organization.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Options A, B, and D are not mentioned in the passage and do not represent the commercial benefit described.

🎯 Strategy

Used: Contextual/Tonal Matching

Application: Direct extraction of information from the provided passage.

Final Logic: Driver = Efficiency (Save Time/Effort/Money).

🧠 Memory Trick

"Save Time, Effort, Money."

📚 Class XII – Biology – Chapter: Biotechnology and its Applications – Topic: Legal Frameworks (Passage)

CUET UG Biology Booster Test 2-Ethical Issues & Biopiracy

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