CUET UG Booster Psychology-Psychological Disorders Unit 4 Test ( M2)

The passage clearly states that the ancient theory explaining abnormal behaviour through supernatural and magical forces "is still encountered today." It further explains that practices such as exorcism and consulting shamans or ojhas continue in many societies. Thus, the relevance of studying these beliefs lies in their continued social and cultural presence. Option A is incorrect because the passage never claims medical proof. Option C is incorrect because DSM-5 is a scientific classification system unrelated to supernatural beliefs. Option D is incorrect because the biopsychosocial model has not been replaced. Therefore, Option B is correct.

The passage explicitly states that through the shaman, an afflicted person can learn "which spirits are responsible" for the problem and "what needs to be done to appease them." Thus, the shaman's role is to identify supernatural spirits believed to cause distress and recommend rituals or actions to satisfy them. Option A refers to the Greek humoral theory, not shamanism. Option B belongs to the organismic psychological explanation. Option D reflects the biological approach. Therefore, Option C is correct.

The supernatural approach explains abnormal behaviour through evil spirits, magical forces, possession, or demons. In this situation, the family believes the person is possessed by "bhoot-pret" and seeks help from an ojha using countermagic. These are classic examples of supernatural beliefs. The biological approach focuses on body and brain processes. The psychological approach focuses on thoughts, emotions, and learning. The interactional approach combines biological, psychological, and social factors. Therefore, Option B is correct.

Exorcism refers to the removal of evil spirits believed to reside within a person. According to the passage, this is done through prayer and countermagic. Thus, Statement ii is correct. Statement i is incorrect because exorcism is not based on scientific research or medical evidence. It belongs to supernatural belief systems. Therefore, only Statement ii is correct.

The biological approach explains dysfunction through disturbances in body and brain functioning. Therefore, 1 → D. The supernatural approach explains abnormality through evil spirits or magical forces. Therefore, 2 → C. The psychological approach focuses on cognition, learning, emotions, and perception. Therefore, 3 → B. The socio-cultural approach emphasizes social environment and cultural influences. Therefore, 4 → A. Only Option D correctly matches all approaches.

The biological approach explains abnormal behaviour through disturbances in body and brain functioning. It considers mental disorders as organic or physiological problems. Option A is correct because the biological approach directly connects maladaptive behaviour with body and brain processes. Option C is correct because biological explanations have appeared repeatedly throughout Western history, including Greek medicine and modern psychiatry. Option D is correct because the approach views abnormal behaviour as arising from organic dysfunction. Option B is incorrect because the biological approach believes that correcting defective biological processes helps improve functioning, not worsen it. Therefore, Option B is the incorrect statement.

The psychological approach explains abnormal behaviour through maladaptive thinking, perception, and emotional conflict. The process begins when a person faces a life challenge (2). Due to inadequate perception or interpretation of the world (1), the individual struggles to understand or respond effectively. This leads to conflicts in thoughts and feelings (4), creating emotional and psychological imbalance. Finally, these unresolved conflicts manifest as psychological problems or abnormal behaviour (3). Thus, the correct order is 2 → 1 → 4 → 3.

The psychological approach explains abnormal behaviour through disturbances in cognition, emotions, learning, perception, and internal conflicts. Option B correctly identifies that psychological problems arise from inadequacies in thinking, feeling, or perceiving the world. Option A belongs to the supernatural approach. Option C refers to the Greek humoral theory. Option D belongs to the biological approach focusing on genes and brain dysfunction. Therefore, Option B is correct.

Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates, Socrates, and Plato proposed the organismic approach, which viewed abnormal behaviour as resulting from internal conflicts between emotion and reason. They believed human behaviour should be guided by rational thinking, and emotional imbalance could produce disturbed behaviour. Option A is incorrect because magic belongs to supernatural explanations. Option B is incorrect because physiology alone does not describe the organismic conflict. Option D is incorrect because the approach focused on internal conflict rather than social influence. Thus, Option C is correct.

Galen's humoral theory began with the four natural elements: earth, air, fire, and water (1). These elements corresponded to four body fluids or humours — blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm (4). The balance of these humours determined personality and temperament (3). When humours became imbalanced, psychological or physical disorders developed (2). Thus, the correct sequence is: Elements → Humours → Temperament → Disorders. Therefore, Option A is correct.

Statement i is incorrect because superstitions and demonological beliefs continued strongly during the Middle Ages. Mental illness was often linked with witchcraft and evil spirits. Statement ii is correct because St. Augustine wrote about mental anguish and internal conflict, ideas that later influenced psychodynamic theories developed by Freud and others. Therefore, only Statement ii is true.

During the Middle Ages, abnormal behaviour was often interpreted as possession by evil spirits or demonic influence. People showing unusual emotional or behavioural symptoms were frequently accused of witchcraft. This led to witch-hunts and social persecution driven by demonological beliefs. Option A is incorrect because deinstitutionalisation belongs to modern mental health reform. Option C is incorrect because the organismic approach was developed by Greek thinkers. Option D is incorrect because scientific medical asylum treatment became prominent much later. Thus, Option B is correct.

The Renaissance marked a transition from superstition toward humanism, observation, and scientific thinking. Scholars became more interested in understanding human behaviour rationally and compassionately. This shift reduced the dominance of demonological explanations. Option A is incorrect because DSM-5 is a modern classification manual. Option C is incorrect because demonology declined during the Renaissance. Option D is incorrect because neurotransmitters were discovered much later. Therefore, Option B is correct.

Johann Weyer argued that people accused of witchcraft were actually mentally disturbed individuals needing care and treatment rather than punishment. He opposed supernatural and theological explanations and promoted medical understanding of abnormal behaviour. Option A is incorrect because Weyer challenged supernatural treatment. Option B is incorrect because surgery was not his primary recommendation. Option D is incorrect because exorcism belonged to demonological practice. Thus, Option C is correct.

The Age of Reason and Enlightenment promoted scientific inquiry, rationality, and humane treatment of people with mental disorders. Option A is correct because scientific thinking gradually replaced blind faith and dogma. Option C is correct because Enlightenment ideas inspired reform movements in mental health institutions. Option D is correct because scientific attitudes toward psychological disorders developed during this period. Option B is incorrect because the Reform Movement actually increased compassion and humane treatment. Therefore, Option B is the incorrect statement.

The Reform Movement focused on improving asylum conditions and humane treatment. Therefore, 1 → A. Deinstitutionalisation emphasized releasing recovered patients into community-based care systems. Therefore, 2 → B. The Community Mental Health Movement promoted mental health services within the community setting. Therefore, 3 → C. The Human Rights Movement aimed to protect dignity and rights of mentally ill individuals. Therefore, 4 → D. Only Option A correctly matches all movements.

Statement i is incorrect because modern psychology recognizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact continuously. Statement ii is correct because the interactional or biopsychosocial approach explains abnormal behaviour through combined biological, psychological, and social influences. Thus, only Statement ii is correct.

The therapist considers brain chemistry (biological factors), family environment, and professional relationships (social factors). This reflects the interactional or biopsychosocial approach. This model explains abnormal behaviour through interaction among biological, psychological, and social influences. Option A and C are incorrect because they involve supernatural explanations. Option D is incorrect because the strict medical model focuses mainly on biology and ignores social context. Therefore, Option B is correct.

The diagnostic process begins by observing the individual's psychological difficulties (2). The psychologist then compares symptoms with DSM-5 descriptions (1). Next, the clinical criteria are applied carefully (3). Finally, the psychologist determines whether a disorder is present (4). Thus, the correct sequence is 2 → 1 → 3 → 4.

The ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) provides standardized descriptions of disorders, including clinical features, symptoms, and diagnostic guidelines. Mental health professionals use it for accurate diagnosis and classification. Option A is incorrect because ICD-10 includes mental as well as physical disorders. Option B is incorrect because demonology is unrelated to ICD classification. Option D is incorrect because ICD-10 is scientific, not theological. Therefore, Option C is correct.