CUET UG Booster Psychology SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES Unit 7 Test ( M 4 )
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QUESTION 1 OF 20
When Seema\'s debate team wins, she exclaims, \"We did it!\" emphasizing her association with the winning team. This psychological association with her team represents her:
QUESTION 2 OF 20
Evaluate the following regarding the \"we feeling\":
I. It signifies a shared perception of similarity among members.
II. It distinguishes the ingroup from those categorised as \'they\'.
QUESTION 3 OF 20
Match the group type with its characteristic language and perception:
| List 1 (Group Type) | List 2 (Characteristics) |
|---|---|
| 1. Ingroup | a. Small, close-knit group with strong emotional bonds |
| 2. Outgroup | b. “They”, perceived as different and often negatively |
| 3. Reference group | c. Group used as a standard for self-evaluation and comparison |
| 4. Primary group | d. “We”, perceived as similar with desirable traits |
QUESTION 4 OF 20
During a football match, fans of Team A look at the fans of Team B and state, \"They are so aggressive.\" This use of \'they\' and the negative attribution is a classic sign of:
QUESTION 5 OF 20
The tendency to categorise people as similar or different based on group membership implies that persons in the ingroup are generally supposed to be ________.
QUESTION 6 OF 20
Which statement is false regarding how groups perceive differences?
QUESTION 7 OF 20
Arrange the logical progression of ingroup bias formation based on the text:
1. Attributing desirable traits to the group.
2. Categorising oneself as a member of an ingroup.
3. Viewing the ingroup favourably compared to the outgroup.
QUESTION 8 OF 20
Sequence the process of preference in intergroup behaviour based on Tajfel\'s findings:
I. Showing favouritism towards one\'s own group over the other.
II. Identifying group membership via code numbers.
III. Distributing resources (money).
QUESTION 9 OF 20
Two rival companies are competing. Employees of Company X assume employees of Company Y are untrustworthy solely because they work for the competitor. This assumption illustrates:
QUESTION 10 OF 20
How does the perception of outgroup members generally compare to that of ingroup members?
QUESTION 11 OF 20
Being a member of a prestigious science club at school makes Rohan feel proud and enhances his self-worth. This demonstrates that group membership provides a positive:
QUESTION 12 OF 20
Consider the role of groups in self-concept:
I. Being a member of prestigious groups enhances one\'s self-concept.
II. Groups establish a positive social identity for the individual.
Which is correct?
QUESTION 13 OF 20
QUESTION 14 OF 20
QUESTION 15 OF 20
In Tajfel\'s experiment, the \'Minimal group paradigm\' demonstrated that even groups created on a ________ criterion lead to intergroup bias.
QUESTION 16 OF 20
In the Tajfel experiment, how did the boys allocate the money?
QUESTION 17 OF 20
Regarding cultural categorisation in India:
I. Plurality is celebrated and reflects a composite culture.
II. Ingroup and outgroup categories are viewed as absolute and biologically real.
Which statements are correct?
QUESTION 18 OF 20
Match the Following
| List I (Concept) | List II (Description) |
|---|---|
| 1. Diversity | A. Shared rules and expectations within a culture |
| 2. Cultural Norms | B. Sense of belonging to a particular group |
| 3. Social Identity | C. Coexistence of different cultures and traditions |
| 4. Unity in Diversity | D. Harmonious living despite differences |
QUESTION 19 OF 20
Identify the false statement about categorisation of people into groups:
QUESTION 20 OF 20
An employee compares her department\'s resources to another department\'s resources to assess relative standing. This action is an example of:
Test Complete!
Answer Review
1 When Seema\'s debate team wins, she exclaims, \"We did it!\" emphasizing her association with the winning team. This psychological association with her team represents her:
��We” reflects group belongingness. Members identify strongly with their own group. Success becomes personally meaningful.
Seema’s use of “we” shows identification with her own group, known as ingroup identification. NCERT explains that individuals psychologically associate themselves with their ingroup and experience shared pride, success, and belongingness.
- Option A → Outgroup feeling refers to “they” perception.
- Option B → Social loafing involves reduced effort in groups.
- Option D → Group polarisation concerns extreme group decisions.
- Situation-Based Application
Application:
- �� Identify the psychological meaning of the word “we.”
Final Logic:
- �� Strong identification with one’s own group indicates ingroup identification.
- “‘We’ Means Ingroup”
2 Evaluate the following regarding the \"we feeling\":
I. It signifies a shared perception of similarity among members.
II. It distinguishes the ingroup from those categorised as \'they\'.
��We feeling” creates unity. Members perceive similarity. It separates “us” from “them.”
Statement I is correct because ingroup members perceive themselves as similar and connected. Statement II is also correct because the “we feeling” distinguishes ingroup members from outgroup members, often referred to as “they.” NCERT explains that this distinction forms the basis of intergroup categorisation.
- Option A → Statement II is also correct.
- Option B → Statement I is also correct.
- Option D → Both statements accurately explain ingroup perception.
- Conceptual Validation
Application:
- �� Compare both statements with the concept of “we feeling.”
Final Logic:
- �� Ingroup identity involves both similarity and differentiation.
- “‘We’ = Similar Us”
3 Match the group type with its characteristic language and perception:
| List 1 (Group Type) | List 2 (Characteristics) |
|---|---|
| 1. Ingroup | a. Small, close-knit group with strong emotional bonds |
| 2. Outgroup | b. “They”, perceived as different and often negatively |
| 3. Reference group | c. Group used as a standard for self-evaluation and comparison |
| 4. Primary group | d. “We”, perceived as similar with desirable traits |
Ingroup reflects “we.” Outgroup reflects “they.” Reference groups guide comparison. Primary groups have emotional closeness.
Ingroups are perceived as “we” groups with desirable traits. Outgroups are viewed as “they” and often perceived negatively. Reference groups are standards for comparison, while primary groups are close-knit groups with strong emotional bonds. NCERT explains these distinctions in intergroup perception.
- Option A → Outgroup and reference group are mismatched.
- Option B → Ingroup and outgroup are reversed.
- Option D → Primary group is incorrectly matched.
- Option Grouping
Application:
- �� Match each group type with its defining characteristic.
Final Logic:
- �� Only Option C correctly aligns all concepts.
- “We–Ingroup, They–Outgroup”
4 During a football match, fans of Team A look at the fans of Team B and state, \"They are so aggressive.\" This use of \'they\' and the negative attribution is a classic sign of:
��They” signals outgroup perception. Negative traits are attributed to outsiders. Intergroup distancing is highlighted.
The term “they” reflects perception of another group as an outgroup. NCERT explains that outgroups are often viewed differently and negatively compared to one’s own group, creating psychological distancing.
- Option A → “We feeling” refers to ingroup unity.
- Option C → Minimal group cooperation is unrelated here.
- Option D → Primary group bonding involves close emotional ties.
- Contextual/Tonal Matching
Application:
- �� Identify the significance of the word “they.”
Final Logic:
- �� Negative reference to another group indicates outgroup feeling.
- “‘They’ = Outgroup”
5 The tendency to categorise people as similar or different based on group membership implies that persons in the ingroup are generally supposed to be ________.
Ingroup members are perceived alike. Similarity strengthens unity. Shared identity supports bonding.
NCERT explains that people perceive members of their ingroup as similar in attitudes, beliefs, and characteristics. This perception strengthens identification and group cohesion.
- Option A → Hostility is more associated with outgroup bias.
- Option B → Difference is linked to outgroups.
- Option D → Unpredictability is unrelated here.
- Conceptual Validation
Application:
- �� Identify the psychological perception associated with ingroups.
Final Logic:
- �� Ingroup members are perceived as similar.
- “Ingroup = Similar People”
6 Which statement is false regarding how groups perceive differences?
Ingroup members are viewed as similar. Outgroups are perceived differently. ��We–they” distinction creates comparison.
Option C is false because ingroup members are usually perceived as more similar to one another than to outgroup members. NCERT explains that categorisation increases perceived similarity within the ingroup and difference from the outgroup.
- Option A → Outgroups are perceived differently.
- Option B → “We” and “they” reflect group distinction.
- Option D → Outgroups are often viewed negatively.
- Conceptual Validation
Application:
- �� Compare each statement with ingroup–outgroup perception theory.
Final Logic:
- �� Ingroup members are perceived as more alike, not more different.
- “We Are Similar”
7 Arrange the logical progression of ingroup bias formation based on the text:
1. Attributing desirable traits to the group.
2. Categorising oneself as a member of an ingroup.
3. Viewing the ingroup favourably compared to the outgroup.
Self-categorisation comes first. Positive traits are assigned later. Bias develops through comparison.
The process begins when individuals categorise themselves as ingroup members. They then attribute desirable qualities to their group, which eventually leads to favourable comparison against outgroups. NCERT explains this as the basis of ingroup bias.
- Option A → Positive comparison follows desirable attribution.
- Option B → Categorisation occurs before trait attribution.
- Option C → Bias develops after identification.
- Sequence
Application:
- �� Arrange the psychological stages of ingroup bias.
Final Logic:
- �� Identification leads to positive evaluation and favourable comparison.
- “Belong → Praise → Prefer”
8 Sequence the process of preference in intergroup behaviour based on Tajfel\'s findings:
I. Showing favouritism towards one\'s own group over the other.
II. Identifying group membership via code numbers.
III. Distributing resources (money).
�� Group membership is recognised first. �� Resources are allocated next. �� Ingroup favouritism emerges during allocation.
- In Tajfel\'s minimal group experiment, participants first identified their group membership via code numbers (II). → After group identification, they were asked to distribute resources such as money (III). → During this allocation process, participants demonstrated favouritism towards members of their own group (I). → NCERT explains that even minimal group categorisation can create ingroup bias and preference for one\'s own group. → Therefore, the correct sequence is: II → III → I
- �� Option A (I, III, II) → Places favouritism before group identification and resource allocation.
- �� Option B (III, II, I) → Resource distribution cannot occur before participants know their group membership.
- �� Option C (III, I, II) → Places both allocation and favouritism before the identification stage.
Application:
- �� Identify the experimental stages from categorisation to behavioural outcome.
Final Logic:
- �� Group identification precedes resource allocation, which subsequently reveals ingroup favouritism.
- (II → III → I)
9 Two rival companies are competing. Employees of Company X assume employees of Company Y are untrustworthy solely because they work for the competitor. This assumption illustrates:
Rival groups create negative assumptions. Outgroups are stereotyped unfavourably. Bias develops through categorisation.
The employees are negatively stereotyping members of another group solely based on group membership. NCERT explains that outgroup bias involves perceiving outsiders negatively while favouring one’s own group.
- Option A → The focus is negative outgroup perception.
- Option C → Social facilitation concerns performance in presence of others.
- Option D → Groupthink involves poor group decision-making.
- Situation-Based Application
Application:
- �� Identify the bias reflected in negative stereotyping.
Final Logic:
- �� Negative assumptions about another group reflect outgroup bias.
- “Competitor = Negative Outgroup”
10 How does the perception of outgroup members generally compare to that of ingroup members?
Outgroups are viewed differently. Negative stereotypes often develop. Comparison favours the ingroup.
NCERT explains that outgroup members are frequently perceived negatively and viewed as different from ingroup members. Such perceptions strengthen ingroup identity and bias.
- Option A → Desirable traits are usually attributed to the ingroup.
- Option B → Outgroups are perceived differently.
- Option D → Similarity is associated with ingroups.
- Conceptual Validation
Application:
- �� Compare perceptions of ingroups and outgroups.
Final Logic:
- �� Outgroups are often viewed negatively and as different.
- “Outgroup = Different”
11 Being a member of a prestigious science club at school makes Rohan feel proud and enhances his self-worth. This demonstrates that group membership provides a positive:
�� Group membership influences self-concept. �� Prestigious groups enhance self-esteem. �� Positive group association creates social identity.
- Social identity refers to the part of an individual\'s self-concept derived from membership in social groups. → According to NCERT, belonging to a valued or prestigious group enhances self-worth and provides a positive sense of identity. → Rohan\'s pride in being a member of a prestigious science club reflects the development of a positive social identity.
- �� Option B → Group polarisation refers to strengthening of group decisions after discussion.
- �� Option C → Mob behaviour involves unstructured collective action, not self-concept.
- �� Option D → Formal norms are official rules governing behaviour within groups.
Application:
- �� Match the situation with the concept describing self-worth gained from group membership.
Final Logic:
- �� Pride derived from belonging to a valued group indicates social identity.
- Group + Pride = Social Identity
12 Consider the role of groups in self-concept:
I. Being a member of prestigious groups enhances one\'s self-concept.
II. Groups establish a positive social identity for the individual.
Which is correct?
�� Group membership affects self-concept. �� Prestigious groups improve self-esteem. �� Social identity emerges from group belongingness.
- NCERT explains that individuals derive a part of their self-concept from the groups to which they belong. → Membership in prestigious groups enhances self-esteem and personal evaluation. → Such membership also contributes to a positive social identity. → Therefore, both statements are correct.
- �� Option A → Ignores the role of social identity.
- �� Option B → Ignores the impact of prestigious groups on self-concept.
- �� Option D → Both statements are supported by NCERT.
Application:
- �� Evaluate each statement independently and select the option containing all correct statements.
Final Logic:
- �� Group membership enhances both self-concept and social identity.
- Prestige → Self-Concept → Identity
13
�� Grouping was artificial. �� Painting preference determined group membership. �� Used to study minimal group formation.
- Tajfel\'s Minimal Group Paradigm used an arbitrary criterion to create groups. → Participants were assigned to groups based on their stated preference for paintings by Kandinsky or Klee. → This categorisation had no real significance but was sufficient to generate ingroup bias. → Therefore, the artificial criterion was preference for paintings by Kandinsky or Klee.
- �� Option A → Academic performance was not used.
- �� Option C → Financial decision-making was not the grouping criterion.
- �� Option D → Physical proximity played no role in categorisation.
Application:
- �� Identify the criterion directly stated in the passage.
Final Logic:
- �� Painting preference was the basis for group formation.
- Kandinsky vs Klee = Group Key
14
�� Personal identities were concealed. �� Prior relationships were removed. �� Pure group categorisation was tested.
- Tajfel wanted to examine whether simple group categorisation alone could create intergroup bias. → By hiding identities through code numbers, the influence of friendship, rivalry, familiarity, and previous interactions was removed. → This allowed researchers to study the minimal conditions necessary for intergroup behaviour. → Therefore, Option A is correct.
- �� Option B → The purpose was not to facilitate cheating.
- �� Option C → The passage does not mention different schools.
- �� Option D → Teachers\' awareness was irrelevant to the experiment.
Application:
- �� Eliminate options not supported by the passage.
Final Logic:
- �� Identities were hidden to isolate the effect of group categorisation.
- Code Numbers = No Personal History
15 In Tajfel\'s experiment, the \'Minimal group paradigm\' demonstrated that even groups created on a ________ criterion lead to intergroup bias.
�� Grouping criterion was arbitrary. �� Minimal categorisation created bias. �� Even weak distinctions influence behaviour.
- Tajfel\'s findings showed that people favour their own group even when the basis for group formation is trivial or insignificant. → The groups were formed using a very weak and arbitrary classification, such as painting preference. → NCERT highlights that even such flimsy criteria can generate ingroup bias and discrimination. → Therefore, \"flimsy\" best describes the criterion.
- �� Option A → The criterion was not substantial or meaningful.
- �� Option B → The grouping was not based on historical factors.
- �� Option D → The groups were temporary rather than permanent.
Application:
- �� Identify the word that best reflects the minimal and arbitrary nature of group formation.
Final Logic:
- �� Even flimsy categorisation can produce intergroup bias.
- Flimsy Group → Strong Bias
16 In the Tajfel experiment, how did the boys allocate the money?
�� Ingroup bias emerged during allocation. �� Participants preferred their own group. �� Minimal categorisation influenced decisions.
- Tajfel\'s experiment demonstrated that individuals tend to favour members of their own group even when group membership is based on arbitrary criteria. → While distributing money, the boys allocated more resources to members of their own group than to members of the other group. → This finding provided evidence for ingroup favouritism and intergroup bias. → Therefore, Option C is correct.
- �� Option A → Equal distribution was not the typical pattern observed.
- �� Option B → Participants did not favour the outgroup.
- �� Option D → The boys allocated money rather than keeping it for themselves.
Application:
- �� Match the finding with the central outcome of Tajfel\'s experiment.
Final Logic:
- �� Minimal group categorisation led to ingroup favouritism.
- My Group = More Money
17 Regarding cultural categorisation in India:
I. Plurality is celebrated and reflects a composite culture.
II. Ingroup and outgroup categories are viewed as absolute and biologically real.
Which statements are correct?
�� India reflects cultural diversity. �� Composite culture values plurality. �� Social categories are socially constructed, not biologically fixed.
- NCERT emphasises that India is characterised by cultural diversity and a composite culture in which plurality is valued and celebrated. → Statement I is therefore correct. → Statement II is incorrect because ingroup and outgroup distinctions are social categories created by people and are not absolute biological realities. → Hence, only Statement I is correct.
- �� Option B → Statement II is incorrect.
- �� Option C → Includes the incorrect Statement II.
- �� Option D → Ignores the correctness of Statement I.
Application:
- �� Evaluate each statement separately and remove options containing incorrect statements.
Final Logic:
- �� Cultural plurality is valid; biological absolutism is not.
- India = Diversity, Not Division
18 Match the Following
| List I (Concept) | List II (Description) |
|---|---|
| 1. Diversity | A. Shared rules and expectations within a culture |
| 2. Cultural Norms | B. Sense of belonging to a particular group |
| 3. Social Identity | C. Coexistence of different cultures and traditions |
| 4. Unity in Diversity | D. Harmonious living despite differences |
�� Diversity refers to coexistence of differences. �� Cultural norms guide behaviour. �� Social identity creates belongingness.
- Diversity (1) corresponds to Coexistence of different cultures and traditions (C) because diversity reflects the presence of varied cultural groups. → Cultural Norms (2) correspond to Shared rules and expectations within a culture (A) because norms guide acceptable behaviour. → Social Identity (3) corresponds to Sense of belonging to a particular group (B) because identity develops through group membership. → Unity in Diversity (4) corresponds to Harmonious living despite differences (D) because diverse groups coexist while maintaining social harmony. → Therefore, the correct reconstructed matching is: 1–C, 2–A, 3–B, 4–D
- �� Option A → Incorrectly associates diversity and norms with wrong descriptions.
- �� Option B → Reverses key concepts and definitions.
- �� Option D → Misplaces social identity and diversity descriptions.
Application:
- �� Match each concept with its most precise NCERT-based description.
Final Logic:
- �� Diversity = coexistence; norms = rules; identity = belongingness; unity = harmony.
- Diversity–Cultures | Norms–Rules | Identity–Belonging | Unity–Harmony
19 Identify the false statement about categorisation of people into groups:
�� Social categories are mentally constructed. �� Ingroup-outgroup distinctions are perceptual. �� Categorisation influences social judgement.
- NCERT explains that people categorise others into groups to simplify social perception. → These categories are social constructions and depend on how individuals perceive and interpret the social world. → They are not objective entities existing independently of human perception. → Therefore, Option B is the false statement.
- �� Option A → Correctly describes ingroup identification.
- �� Option C → Categorisation helps distinguish between \"us\" and \"them.\"
- �� Option D → People often attribute positive characteristics to ingroup members.
Application:
- �� Identify the statement that contradicts the NCERT explanation of social categorisation.
Final Logic:
- �� Social categories are perceptual constructs, not objective realities.
- Categories = Created, Not Fixed
20 An employee compares her department\'s resources to another department\'s resources to assess relative standing. This action is an example of:
�� Individuals compare groups. �� Comparison helps evaluate status. �� Ingroup is judged relative to outgroups.
- Social comparison occurs when individuals evaluate their own group by comparing it with another group. → In this situation, the employee compares her department (ingroup) with another department (outgroup) to assess relative standing. → NCERT identifies such comparisons as an important aspect of social identity and intergroup behaviour. → Therefore, Option B is correct.
- �� Option A → Social loafing refers to reduced individual effort in group tasks.
- �� Option C → Groupthink involves pressure for consensus during decision-making.
- �� Option D → Social facilitation refers to performance changes due to the presence of others.
Application:
- �� Identify the concept that directly involves evaluating one group against another.
Final Logic:
- �� Comparing one\'s group with another group indicates social comparison.
- Compare Groups = Social Comparison
